See Kaluga on Wiktionary
{
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"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Russian\", \"term\" : \"Калу́га\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ru\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"Kaluga\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"Kaluga\">\nBorrowed from Russian Калу́га (Kalúga).",
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{
"_dis1": "59 41",
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{
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"code": "hy",
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"tags": [
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],
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},
{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "Kǎlújiā",
"sense": "city in Russia",
"word": "卡盧加 /卡卢加"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
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"sense": "city in Russia",
"word": "Kaluga"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "city in Russia",
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],
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},
{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "ḳaluga",
"sense": "city in Russia",
"word": "კალუგა"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
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{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "hi",
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"word": "कलुगा"
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{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "Karūga",
"sense": "city in Russia",
"word": "カルーガ"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "Kalluga",
"sense": "city in Russia",
"word": "칼루가"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "Kalúga",
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"tags": [
"feminine"
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"word": "Калу́га"
},
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"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "pl",
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"lang_code": "pl",
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"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kaługa"
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{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "pt",
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"feminine"
],
"word": "Kaluga"
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{
"_dis1": "59 41",
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"feminine"
],
"word": "Калу́га"
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{
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"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "city in Russia",
"tags": [
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"feminine"
],
"word": "Калуга"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "sh",
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"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "city in Russia",
"tags": [
"Latin",
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kaluga"
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{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "city in Russia",
"word": "Kaluga"
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{
"_dis1": "59 41",
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"lang_code": "uk",
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"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Калу́га"
}
]
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],
"glosses": [
"A city, the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia."
],
"id": "en-Kaluga-en-name-Ocyl1o-w",
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"city",
"city"
],
[
"Kaluga",
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],
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"Russia",
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]
]
}
],
"word": "Kaluga"
}
{
"etymology_text": "From kaluga.",
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{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
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{
"form": "Kaluga",
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"nominative",
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{
"form": "Kalugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaludze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaludze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
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"form": "Kalugo",
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"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
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"Ka‧lu‧ga"
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"args": {
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"lang": "Polish",
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{
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"kind": "place",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Places in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland",
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],
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[
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},
{
"rhymes": "-uɡa"
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}
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{
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],
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}
{
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{
"form": "married form Kalużyna",
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{
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"nominative",
"plural"
]
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]
},
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"dative",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
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{
"code": "fr",
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],
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},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
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"word": "კალუგა"
},
{
"code": "de",
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"lang_code": "de",
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{
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},
{
"code": "ja",
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"lang_code": "ja",
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},
{
"code": "ko",
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"lang_code": "mk",
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],
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},
{
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],
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],
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],
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{
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],
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],
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],
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],
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]
}
],
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},
{
"form": "Kalugów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaludze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaludze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr"
},
"expansion": "Kaluga m pers",
"name": "pl-prop"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Ka‧lu‧ga"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"Ka‧lu‧ga"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"nomp": "Kalugowie"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish male surnames",
"Polish surnames"
],
"glosses": [
"a male surname"
],
"links": [
[
"surname",
"surname"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaˈlu.ɡa/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uɡa"
},
{
"homophone": "kaluga"
}
],
"word": "Kaluga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 3-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish proper nouns",
"Polish singularia tantum",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/uɡa",
"Rhymes:Polish/uɡa/3 syllables"
],
"etymology_text": "From kaluga.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "married form Kalużyna",
"tags": [
"traditional"
]
},
{
"form": "unmarried form Kalużanka",
"tags": [
"traditional"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaluga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaludze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaludze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Kalugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"marr": "Kalużyna",
"unmarr": "Kalużanka"
},
"expansion": "Kaluga f (traditional married form Kalużyna, traditional unmarried form Kalużanka)",
"name": "pl-prop"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Ka‧lu‧ga"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"Ka‧lu‧ga"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish female surnames",
"Polish surnames"
],
"glosses": [
"a female surname"
],
"links": [
[
"surname",
"surname"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaˈlu.ɡa/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uɡa"
},
{
"homophone": "kaluga"
}
],
"word": "Kaluga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese feminine nouns",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese proper nouns",
"Portuguese terms spelled with K",
"Portuguese uncountable proper nouns"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "Kaluga f",
"name": "pt-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"pt:Kaluga Oblast, Russia",
"pt:Oblasts of Russia",
"pt:Places in Russia"
],
"glosses": [
"Kaluga (an oblast of Russia)"
],
"links": [
[
"Kaluga",
"Kaluga#English"
],
[
"oblast",
"oblast"
],
[
"Russia",
"Russia#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"pt:Cities in Kaluga Oblast, Russia",
"pt:Cities in Russia",
"pt:Oblast capitals of Russia",
"pt:Places in Kaluga Oblast, Russia",
"pt:Places in Russia"
],
"glosses": [
"Kaluga (a city, the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia)"
],
"links": [
[
"Kaluga",
"Kaluga#English"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"Kaluga",
"Kaluga#English"
],
[
"Russia",
"Russia#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "Kaluga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for gender in Spanish entries",
"Rhymes:Spanish/uɡa",
"Rhymes:Spanish/uɡa/3 syllables",
"Spanish 3-syllable words",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish nouns with irregular gender",
"Spanish proper nouns",
"Spanish terms spelled with K",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Spanish uncountable proper nouns"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Kaluga ?",
"name": "es-proper noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Ka‧lu‧ga"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"Ka‧lu‧ga"
]
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"es:Kaluga Oblast, Russia",
"es:Oblasts of Russia",
"es:Places in Russia"
],
"glosses": [
"Kaluga (an oblast of Russia)"
],
"links": [
[
"Kaluga",
"Kaluga#English"
],
[
"oblast",
"oblast"
],
[
"Russia",
"Russia#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"es:Cities in Kaluga Oblast, Russia",
"es:Cities in Russia",
"es:Oblast capitals of Russia",
"es:Places in Kaluga Oblast, Russia",
"es:Places in Russia"
],
"glosses": [
"Kaluga (a city, the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia)"
],
"links": [
[
"Kaluga",
"Kaluga#English"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"Kaluga",
"Kaluga#English"
],
[
"Russia",
"Russia#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaˈluɡa/"
},
{
"ipa": "[kaˈlu.ɣ̞a]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uɡa"
}
],
"word": "Kaluga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish lemmas",
"Turkish proper nouns",
"Turkish terms borrowed from Russian",
"Turkish terms derived from Russian"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ru",
"3": "Калу́га"
},
"expansion": "Russian Калу́га (Kalúga)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Russian Калу́га (Kalúga).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaluga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaluga'yı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaluga'ya",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaluga'da",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaluga'dan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Kaluga'nın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "proper noun",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "Kaluga",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Kaluga",
"name": "tr-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"tr:Kaluga Oblast, Russia",
"tr:Oblasts of Russia",
"tr:Places in Russia"
],
"glosses": [
"Kaluga (an oblast of Russia)"
],
"links": [
[
"Kaluga",
"Kaluga#English"
],
[
"oblast",
"oblast"
],
[
"Russia",
"Russia#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"tr:Cities in Kaluga Oblast, Russia",
"tr:Cities in Russia",
"tr:Oblast capitals of Russia",
"tr:Places in Kaluga Oblast, Russia",
"tr:Places in Russia"
],
"glosses": [
"Kaluga (a city, the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia)"
],
"links": [
[
"Kaluga",
"Kaluga#English"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"Kaluga",
"Kaluga#English"
],
[
"Russia",
"Russia#English"
]
]
}
],
"word": "Kaluga"
}
Download raw JSONL data for Kaluga meaning in All languages combined (16.4kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1896",
"msg": "Template nesting error: template_nesting = 1 couldn't split inflection templates, Kaluga/Turkish section declension",
"path": [
"Kaluga"
],
"section": "Turkish",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "Kaluga",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.